Is Human Aggression Learned Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Human Aggression Learned - Research Paper Example As the paper stresses human aggression has largely been associated with social interactions in human populations. Cognitive aspects of people significantly affect the manner and level of aggression. Berkowitz’s neoassociation model describes frustration and other repugnant factors such as pain, discomfort and unpleasant situations among others as the causes of human aggression. They usually initiate aggression in human through the negative consequence. As the study hinghlights the frustration-aggression model also portrays aggression as an outcome of frustration. Its occurrence is usually triggered by the presence of obstacles that prevent an individual from attaining his/her goal. In such a situation, aggression is usually a sequence of events that are focused on responding to the obstacle, which may result to injury of the person who is acting as the obstacle. A human being is rational and usually sets objectives with the goal of benefiting from his/her actions. Strategies are usually developed to ensure that there is no failure, which include fighting against obstacles such as fellow humans. It is therefore common to find aggressive behavior among frustrated people. Inward aggression may also exhibited by individuals when they are frustrated. It involves actions such as biting the finger, tongue and hitting hands on hard surface among other behaviors that result in injuring oneself although the pain may not be intense as interpe rsonal aggression.

Understanding of Different Concepts Essay Example for Free

Understanding of Different Concepts Essay Concepts are very complex definitions of everything that we see in everyday life. They are also typically never specific. Concepts of a certain thing or idea might and most probably will change if the person examining the object or idea changes his point of view. Various authors throughout the textbook have written about the different ways we could see things if we don’t close ourselves to what we can only see. One of the authors that talk about this is S. I Hayakawa. His main point in his article is how he stressed to tell us to be more creative, and that we shouldn’t blindly follow what media outlets like the ones on TV because we’re becoming like sheep. He argues that one with creativity best be prepared to endure loneliness and ridicule. He says, and this is very correct, that because of what we see on things like the media, we’re just told to follow what they say is right, and because of that, if one person dares to exclaim otherwise, then he or he will be getting cast away from other people. It’s ok to have a different opinion of things, and he encourages it, because creative people are going to be the most successful in life. Another great way to compare concepts is in Simon Benlow’s paper, â€Å"Have it your way,† he argues that students are being seen differently now, that is, companies are starting to have different concepts of kids at school, because they’re not being seen as what they are: students. Rather, they feel much more like consumers now. Also, kids from a young age have been catered to their every need, and because of that, when they get to college they find out that they weren’t as good as they thought they were, because of tailoring education for students. The essay â€Å"What is education?† by Petra Pepellashi is a perfect example of how two concepts could differ. Here, she uses the education when it was first introduced in the country. She tells about how Jefferson’s point of view of education was much different from what the child education laws going on today. In the end though, the US government ended up selecting the rich guys to choose it, and they chose their own concept of education, one where students are just there to learn how to become a businessman or factory worker. Interpreting concepts in different ways can also lead us to false expectations. Take Daniel Bruno’s essay, â€Å"Entitlement Education,† for example. In the essay, he points out how students â€Å"have a sense of entitlement,† in other words, that after so many times of turning in work that they didn’t put much effort into and getting good grades for them, they feel they deserve better grades than what they get in college. This involves concepts because, while the student thinks the paper deserves a better grade, in the view of the teacher, he could have done much better. This shows that different people can define concepts or ideas as different things, and it could bring problems to them. The same problem is presented in Paul Roberts’ â€Å"How to Say Nothing in 500 words.† Students think that their idea of a good 500 page essay is just writing and filling up as much space as they possibly can, and when they get back their papers, it’s always a big surprise to them when they get something like a D as a grade. Susan Jacoby’s essay, â€Å"When Bright Girls Decide That Math is a ‘Waste of Time,’† is a great example of the difference in what people think about concepts. In this case, it talks about how society sees what classes boys and girls usually take, and more deeply, how society’s ideals for each gender is something that the vast majority of individuals follow. Jacoby cites a good example by showing how if a girl would go to her parents and ask if she can drop her science and math classes because she was looking more into art or history in college, and the parents say they’re ok with it. Ultimately, what Jacoby is trying to say is that because of these decisions where women aren’t given the proper motivation to study more technical classes, it’s crippling the improvement of women’s overall quality of life in the future, since they probably won’t earn the same as other people who know more about science and math (like men do.) Lastly, in Doris Lessing’s â€Å"Group Minds,† she explains how the way we conceptually think about us as members of the western world is very far from reality. As she denotes, a westerner views himself as a free individual who think and does as he pleases, when the truth is that he thinks accordingly to what other people are thinking. In the end, the concept of the westerner as we regularly see it differs from what the truth really is. So, to sum up, concepts, or the ideas and ways we see things, can differ greatly, depending on each person. It’s important to know that this is perfectly normal, as we are free thinkers, but it is also important that we don’t cause problems by having different views on things, as was shown in some examples on this paper.

The Debate on Whether Assisted Suicide is Ethical or Immoral Essay

The Debate on Whether Assisted Suicide is Ethical or Immoral Assisted Suicide, also known as mercy killing, occurs when a physician provides the means (drugs or other agents) by which a person can take his or her own life. This assistance is one of the most debated issues today in society followed by abortion. Physicians are frequently faced with the question of whether or not assisted suicide is ethical or immoral. Although assisted suicide is currently illegal in almost all states in America, it is still often committed. Is assisted suicide ethical? Studies have found that the majority of Americans support assisted suicide. One must weigh both sides of the argument before they can decide. On July 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that criminalized assisted suicide. These decisions overturned rulings in the 2nd and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeal, which struck down state statutes banning physician-assisted suicide. Those courts had found that the statutes, which prohibited doctors from prescribing lethal medication to competent, terminally ill adults, violated the 14th Amendment. In striking the appellate decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court found that there was no constitutional "right to die," but left it to individual states to enact legislation permitting or prohibiting physician-assisted suicide. As of April 1999, physician-assisted suicide is illegal in the majority of states. Over thirty states have enacted statutes prohibiting assisted suicide, and of those that do not have statutes, a number of them arguably prohibit it through common law. Currently, Oregon is the only state that has legalized assisted suicide. The Oregon statute, which came into e... ... a crime with the risk of the loss of license or even imprisonment. The only sure way that people will stop suffering and be allowed to die peacefully because of their own decision is if assisted suicide becomes legal in the United States. Bibliography: The New England Journal of Medicine -- February 1, 1996 -- Vol. 334, No. 5 Attitudes of Michigan Physicians and the Public toward Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia By Jerald G. Bachman, Kirsten H. Alcser, David J. Doukas, Richard L. Lichtenstein, Amy D. Corning, Howard Brody Annals of Internal Medicine--21 March 2000 Volume 132 Number 6 Palliative Treatments of Last Resort: Choosing the Least Harmful Alternative Timothy E. Quill, MD; Barbara Coombs Lee, FNP, JD; Sally Nunn, RN, for the University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics Assisted Suicide Consensus Panel

Changing Roles of Managers at Corporate Insurance Essay -- business, m

Over the course of the past two years, I have worked in a call center environment within the Corporate Insurance Company. A typical day is fast paced, yet structured. Up until recently, I had the responsibility of taking anywhere from 70 – 100 inbound calls daily from either troubled agents or inquiring customers. Of these calls, a few are monitored on a monthly basis to ensure the accuracy of the information that I am giving out. Customer service representatives here are also held accountable for our time on and off the phone as well as any data entry or what we call â€Å"after call work†. Again, this job family has operated with full structure and accountability. One of the repeated issues facing all phone counselors in this job family is the changing of the roles of managers. This is due in part to Corporate being a growing Fortune 500 company. Lately, about every four to six months, there has been a need for restructuring and reassigning of managers and team mates. We strive to work cooperatively as a team and just as we begin to effectively motivate one another, things change. Personally, in two years I have had five different managers and three different teams. Each manager has their own management, leadership and coaching styles and within each team there are ever changing inter and intra-personal dynamics. As I eluded, I have also changed job families and again, have had to become accustomed to a new manager, as well as the inter workings of a new job family all together. I now work diligently as an Account Processor, processing 70 – 100 policy changes daily. In this role, there is greater flexibility, less structure, and less support. However, the responsibility to provide the best service for the customer has no... ...ze our natural talent, and bring this out. They also have the skill to put their self in the shoes of those they manage. This will help them understand what employees are like and what motivates them, and then they can slowly work to mold them and help them to do their best. Those are some of the primary differences between leadership and management. I’m the type of leader or manager who would lead by example. As a leader I would eliminate potential barriers my employees couldn’t see. Also I would expand my vision with the insight of others, and this would potentially create a better vision and end result. As a manager, I would delegate work to my employees, so they felt as though they were apart of the big picture. Also I would get to know each of my team members, both personally and professionally. All in all I think I would do just fine as a leader or manager.

Contract memorandum Essay

Teri is a firefighter who lives and works in Boston, Ma. She is selling her home and found a buyer named Jack. Teri received an offer from Jack for $300,000. Teri accepts the offer and they sign a contract to that effect. After the contract is signed, Teri learns of a Boston rule that all firefighters must live within the Boston city limits. Teri decides not to move and contacts Jack to let him know she won’t be moving after all. Jack sues Teri in municipal court, asking for specific performance in accordance with the original deal. Teri argues that, although specific performance is usually appropriate in land sales contract cases, the judge has the discretion to deny specific performance. ISSUE #1: Whether Jack is due specific performance? RULES: In Raynor v. Russell, 353 Mass. 366 (Mass. 1967), a police officer had entered into a contract to sell his home. The police officer was planning to move to property in a town more than ten miles from the city, but because a certain statute was accepted by the city in effect requiring its police officers to live within ten miles of it, was not an adequate ground for denying specific performance of the contract sought by the purchaser in a suit in equity. Also stated in Raynor, The court held that †the prospective purchasers were entitled in lieu of the relief granted by the final decree to specific performance upon payment of the purchase price less the amounts already paid as a deposit, as well as interest thereon.† The court also concluded that â€Å"there was not any hardship shown sufficient reason for denying specific performance.† The court held that because specific performance was to be granted, the price set by the oral agreement made by the buyers must be paid. In Joseph A. Cardillo Revocable Trust v. Cardillo, 17 LCR 55 (Mass. Land Ct. 2009), is that Joseph seeks specific performance of the agreement and an order that Charles be compelled to convey the subject property to Joseph for a consideration of $ 125,000. Specific performance is also permitted when the buyer reasonably relied on a contract and the continual assent of the selling party and the buyer’s position has been changed for the worse. Also stated in Joseph, the court ordered â€Å"specific performance of a written agreement between two brothers dividing up a plumbing business that included the purchase by one of the brothers of the other’s 50% interest in the business real estate held by the two as tenants in common.† ANALYSIS: A Judge will grant specific performance in a land or real estate deal as stated in Raynor,†the purchasers were entitled of the relief granted by the final decree to specific performance upon payment of the purchase price less the amounts already paid as a deposit, as well as interest thereon.† Since Teri had signed a contract with Jack the Judge should grant Jack specific performance based on the original agreement. As stated in Joseph, Specific performance is permitted when the buyer reasonably relied on the contract with the seller and the buyer’s position has changed for the worse. CONCLUSION: Therefore, specific performance is not a strict and absolute right and it rests in sound judicial discretion. Jack should receive specific performance because of the duty owed him in the original signed agreement. ISSUE #2 However, will Teri’s circumstances cause the judge to use his discretion and deny specific performance? RULES: In A. B. C. Auto Parts, Inc. v. Moran, 359 Mass. 327 (Mass. 1971), the plaintiff appeals from a final decree in the Superior Court denying specific performance of an alleged oral contract to sell property in Cambridge and ordering the return to the plaintiff with interest of the deposit it paid to the defendant concurrent with the alleged making of the contract. In order to entitle the buyer to specific performance on a contract of sale, it is necessary that the buyer tender the purchase price to the seller on behalf of the buying corporation within the reasonable time implied by law unless the seller evidences an unwillingness or inability to convey. Also stated in A.B.C. Auto Parts, the court stated that â€Å"in order to entitle him to specific performance on this contract it was necessary that Kagan tender the purchase price to the defendant on behalf of the plaintiff corporation within the reasonable time implied by law unless the defendant evidenced an unwillingness or inability to convey.† There was evidence that Kagan was ready, willing and able to perform, and this was all that was required in the circumstances. ANALYSIS: The Massachusetts Superior court may deny specific judgment as stated in A.B.C. Auto parts, an order Teri to return the deposit with interest to Jack concurrent with the making of this contract, if the judge uses his judicial discretion in doing so. CONCLUSION: Therefore Jack is due his duty of specific performance because of the binding contract that he had with Teri. However, the judge may use his discretion and deny the specific performance to Jack and require the return of Jack’s deposit as stated in A.B.C. Auto parts. It is to the judge’s judicial discretion.

Tularemia Essays

Tularemia Essays Tularemia Essay Tularemia Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Tularemia Introduction Tularemia is a highly infectious disease, which affects humans and animals, caused by the bacterium francisella tularensis. The disease affects humans through various means such as skin contact with the infected animal, taking contaminated water, inhaling contaminated dust and aerosols, bites from ticks such as dog ticks, lone star ticks, and wood ticks, bites from deer flies, exposure in the laboratory, and as an act of bioterrorism (CDC). The bacterium is highly contagious, and a small number can cause the disease. terrorists can use it as a weapon, in form of inhalation, and this would increase the number of people susceptible to the disease. Pneumonic tularemia tends to be more severe. The disease causes severe pain and it could be fatal. Mosquitoes also carry the disease, and they can spread them to humans. The bacteria enter the human body through the skin, mouth, eyes, lungs, or throat. About one hundred animal species can carry the infection (Siderovski 12). This is in additi on to birds, arthropods, and fish, which can also carry the disease. Animals such as rabbits, hares, cats, muskrats, and rodents are more likely to get the infection. In cases of outbreak, the animals die in large numbers. There are no known cases of person-to-person infections. Farmers and hunters are at high risks of getting infections. Description and Classification Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative non-molatile bacterium with two biotypes, tularensis (biotype A) and palaearctica (biotype B). It is in capsule form with pleomorphic cells, which appear as short rods. It is an intracellular pathogen, able to live in ticks for a long time. the bacterium can survive in cool conditions for a long time but the cells are sensitive to heat. The bacterium can survive in water, as well as dry land. It also survives in soil, hay, decaying animal carcasses, and straw. Biotype A is limited to North America and it is highly virulent. Biotype B is found in North America, Europe, Asia and Americas, and it is less virulent. There are four known subspecies, and they include tularensis, holarctica, mediasiatica, and novicida. mediasiatica and novicida have low virulence subspecies tularensis is exclusive to north America, while subspecies holartica is present in Europe and north America (Suckow et al., 341). Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of the disease are varied, and they depend on the mode of infection, although all humans affected by the disease experience a high fever. A person infected with the disease normally experiences the symptoms after a period of 3-5 days, although the symptoms can range from 1-21 days. Other than fever, other symptoms include chills, headaches, muscle pain, eye irritation, sweating, diarrhea, dry coughs, weakness, and joint aches among others (CDC). A person with the infection develops a lesion at the site of entry of the bacteria. The sore is often red, with a ribbed rim and a punched-out center (Siderovski 36). The person develops inflammation of the lymph nodes in the affected area (Suckow et al 342). When the bacterium enters the bloodstream, it causes bacteremia, and this enables the infection to spread to other body organs such as kidneys, spleen, and liver (Siderovski 36). Animals infected with the disease often die, but they exhibit symptoms such as depression and an orexia (Suckow et al 342) Forms of Tularemia Some of the main forms of the disease include glandular, ocuglandular, oropharyngeal, ulceroglandular, and pneumonic. The bacteria in the ulceroglandular form of disease spreads to the lymph nodes at the point of entry. The ulceroglandular form of the disease is the most common. It occurs when the bacterium affects the person through the skin. A person with ulceroglandular develops a lesion, which develops into an ulcer. The ulcer heals after one week, and it is relatively painless (Oyston 921-930). The location of the ulcer in the body can help to determine the mode of transmission. Ulcers on the upper extremities on the body indicate that the person was in close contact with an infected animal. Ulcers on the lower extremities, abdomen or the back of the body indicate that the person got the infection from arthropods (Goddard 106). Glandular tularemia is similar to ulceroglandular, expect that the infected person does not develop an ulcer. The eye is a possible route of infection, and when this happens, the person develops ocuglandular tularemia. A person with this form of disease has swollen eyelids, and he or she develops conjunctivitis. Oropharyngeal tularemia develops when a person eats infected meat or drinks contaminated water (Oyston 921-930). It can also develop when a person puts infected fingers in the mouth (Siderovski 41). This form is also known as gastrointestinal tularemia. A person with this form of disease develops pharyngitis, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and ulcers. Diarrhea is a common symptom in this form of disease, and it ranges from mild and persistent diarrhea to acute diarrhea, which is often fatal. The infected person develops an ulceration of the bowel. He or she experiences nausea and vomiting. A person develops pneumonic or respiratory diarrhea through inhalation. A person with this form of the disease becomes delirious. He or she develops a non-productive cough, chest pain, and dyspenea. The bacteria replicates quickly once a person inhales it. The person might require assistance in breathing. Testing and Diagnosis Tularemia is a rare disease, and doctors find it hard to diagnose the disease. This is because the disease symptoms resemble symptoms of other diseases. Doctors look for symptoms such as swelling lymph nodes and ulcers on the skin to make their diagnosis (Siderovski 48). The patient can help the doctor, by pointing out any chance of exposure with an infected animal. Physicians can identify the disease by examining secretions and biopsy specimen using gram stain or direct fluorescent antibody. Examination using the fluorescent antibodies is quick, and the physician gets the report after a few hours but it is not always possible to guarantee the accuracy of the results (Dennis et al 2763-2773). When testing for the disease, it is important to alert those working in the laboratory, so that they can take the correct preventive measures. There have been several cases of people getting infections because of laboratory exposure. The most efficient way of confirming the disease is by growing it in culture, although it is often difficult to do so. One can grow culture using sputum or pharyngeal washing. For a person with inhalation tularemia, the physician grows the culture from fasting gastric aspirates. The culture has to contain cysteine, and the physician places it in an environment rich in carbon dioxide. It takes about four to six days for the culture to grow (Hepburn Simpson 231-240) Prevention and Treatment People can minimize their chances of infection by adopting several measures such as not handling carcasses since one does not know whether the animal had the diseases, and using gloves when handling infected animals and carcasses. People should not take water if they are not sure of its safety. Contaminated water is one of the easiest ways of acquiring the disease. People who take wild meat should ensure that they cook it thoroughly. Tularemia often affects wild animals, and people should be careful when consuming such meat. People in endemic areas should use repellants to get rid of arthropods, and reduce their chances of infection. They should treat their clothes with repellants, as this will help them to avoid insect bites. Worry about terrorists using the bacterium as a possible weapon has compelled researchers to develop a vaccine. There have been several attempts at this, and the live vaccine strain (LVS) seems to have been the most successful. The vaccine is successful in prov iding protection against small doses of a virulent strain. Governments have not licensed the vaccine because of its reversion to virulence, variable immunogenicity, and mixed colony morphology (Oyston 921-930). The disease can be fatal in humans, if not treated. The mortality rate for untreated tularemia is 30%. Treating the disease reduces this rate to 1% (Goddard 106). Doctors use antibiotics to treat the disease in human beings. Doctors use antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin to treat the disease (CDC). These are the most common antibiotics, although other antibiotics such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol are in use (Goddard 106). Treatment depends on the type of medication used and stage of the disease, though it takes 10-21 days. The use of antibiotics has increased the chances of the patients’ recovery, and most patients treated usually recover from their illness. : CDC. Tularemia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Web. 12 July 2012 Dennis, T. David et al. â€Å"Tularemia as a Biological Weapon.† The Journal of American Medical Association 285.21 (2001): 2763-2773 Goddard, Jerome. Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. New York, NY: Springer, 2008. Print Hepburn, J. Matthew and JH Simpson. Tularemia: Current Diagnosis and Treatment Options. 2008. Web. 12 July 2012 Oyston, C. F. Petra. â€Å"Francisella Tularensis: Unravelling the Secrets of an Intracellular Pathogen.† Journal of Medical Microbiology 57.8 (2008): 921-930. Print Siderovski, H. Susan. Tularemia. Infobase Publishing, 2006. Print Suckow, A, Mark et al. The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents. Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2012. Print

humanities final paper

humanities final paper humanities final paper Jacob Stephens Prof. Rhodarmer Intro. to Humanities 17 March 2014 The Road to Red Rocks For this final paper, I have chosen to utilize the outstanding musical talents of the amazing band â€Å"Mumford & Sons† and I will be specifically talking about their live performance of the song, â€Å"Little Lion Man† at Red Rocks Amphitheatre just outside of Denver, CO. For me, this live performance is the closest thing that I have ever came to being considered a, â€Å"religious experience.† In this performance you have the amazing vocals; the stunning views of the open air of the amphitheatre; the large, tilted disc shaped rock formation behind the stage; the huge vertical rock formation angled upward towards the sky from stage right; the harmony of the banjos, guitars, pianos, cellos all coming together to form an amazing acoustic sound that my hears had never heard until being blessed with this particular piece. To even further more accentuate this experience, the lighting moves on pace with the music- blinking fast as the music picks up, blinking slower as the music slows down, becoming brighter as the vocals rise, and dimmer as the vocals fade. All of the instruments used in this piece are exactly what you would expect to find in a bluegrass, folk musical number. All of them doing there job, none draining out another, always complimenting the other. The strumming of the banjo is the one element that I find myself being drawn to, some of that is bias. Bias that I have had my entire life. Always being drawn to the sound it makes, reminding me of a time before technology and auto tuning when things were much simpler, when things took work, and time, and effort. The cinematography in this piece to me is as good as I have seen for a live musical performance. The cameras seem to pan to the crowd at the highest, most exciting points of the song, and show the singers during important key parts of the song. Parts like, â€Å"I really fucked it up this time†¦ didn’t I, my dear?† showing an immense amount of emphasis that key lyrics being the heart of the song- the man admitting his mistakes and where he went wrong. In an excerpt from the essay, â€Å"On the Question of Value† by Carolyn Martin, she says, â€Å"The humanities, at their best, are a celebration of transport, transformation, and wonder. The work of critique, no less than of the creative arts, enables thought, discovery, and insight by ridding us of the rigidities and exhausted forms that kill curiosity and limit us to our fears. We place enormous hope as a nation in technological innovation and the sciences that drive it, as we should. Let us put as much hope in the inventiveness of language, art, and culture, in their ability to hold open the space of the other and to make us reflect not only on our hopes, but also on their limits.† This piece really puts all of that into perspective for me. It allows me to take a step back, to slow down, and to allow myself to more objectively view myself, and my life. It makes me wonder, â€Å"will I be the one saying, ‘I really fucked it up this time†¦ didn’t I, my dear?† My entire life I have had a very strong â€Å"Type A† personality. I was a point guard in basketball, a pitcher in baseball, a quarterback in football, and then a United States Marine. All of those positions expect and demand leadership, but, unfortunately there have been the occasions where those past experiences and positions put me in a place mentally where I became so sure of myself that I lost a great deal of objectivity in my life. When I hear the lyrics, â€Å"tremble little lion man, you’ll never settle your scores†¦ your grace is wasted in your face, your boldness stands along among the wreck†¦ now learn from your mother or else spend your day biting your own neck.† This to me sings to some of the very struggles that I went through and still continue to go through. This song reminds me that humility is ok, admitting you are wrong is ok, and to not acknowledge those things will end in you hurting yourself

The Founding of Thebes

The Founding of Thebes The founder of Thebes is known as Cadmus or Kadmos. He was a descendant of the union of Io and Zeus in bull shape. Cadmus father was a Phoenician king named Agenor and his mother was named Telephassa or Telephone. Cadmus had two brothers, one named Thasos, and the other Cilix, who became king of Cilicia. They had a sister named Europa, who was also carried off by a bullZeus, again. The Search for Europa Cadmus, Thasos, and their mother went to look for Europa and stopped in Thrace where Cadmus met his future bride Harmonia. Taking Harmonia with them, they then went to the oracle at Delphi for a consultation. The Delphic Oracle told Cadmus to look for a cow with a lunar sign on either side, to follow where the cow went, and to make sacrifices and establish a town where the bull lay down. Cadmus was also to destroy the guard of Ares. Boeotia and Ares' Dragon After finding the cow, Cadmus followed it to Boeotia, a name based on the Greek word for cow. Where it lay down, Cadmus made sacrifices and started to settle. His people needed water, so he sent out scouts, but they failed to return because they had been killed by Ares dragon who guarded the fountain. It was up to Cadmus to slay the dragon, so with divine assistance, Cadmus slew the dragon using a stone, or perhaps a hunting spear. Cadmus Founds Thebes Athena, who helped with the slaying, advised Cadmus that he should plant the teeth of the dragon. Cadmus, with or without Athenas help, sowed the teeth-seeds. From them emerged fully armed warriors of Ares who would have turned on Cadmus had Cadmus not thrown stones at them making it appear that they were attacking one another. Ares men then fought with each other until only 5 worn out warriors survived, who came to be known as Spartoi the sown men who then helped Cadmus found Thebes. Thebes was the name of the settlement. Harmonia was a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. The conflict between Ares and Cadmus was resolved by the marriage of Cadmus and Ares daughter. The event was attended by all the gods. Offspring of Cadmus and Harmonia Among the children of Harmonia and Cadmus was Semele, who was the mother of Dionysus, and Agave, mother of Pentheus. When Zeus destroyed Semele and inserted the embryonic Dionysus in his thigh, the palace of Harmonia and Cadmus burned. So Cadmus and Harmonia left and traveled to Illyria (which they also founded) first handing over the kingship of Thebes to their son Polydorus, father of Labdacus, father of Laius, father of Oedipus. Founding Legends Athena reserved some of the dragons teeth to give to Jason.Thebes was an Egyptian city, too. One story of the founding of Thebes says that Cadmus gave the Greek city the same name his father had just given to the Egyptian city.Instead of Polydorus, Pentheus is sometimes named as the successor of Cadmus.Cadmus is credited with bringing the alphabet/writing to Greece.The continent of Europe was named for Europa, the sister of Cadmus. This is the background for the first of three sets of stories from Greek mythology about Thebes. The other two are the sets of stories surrounding the House of Laius, especially Oedipus and those around the conception of Dionysus. One of the more enduring figures in the Theban legends is the long-lived, transgendering Tiresias the seer. Source Ovids Narcissus (Met. 3.339-510): Echoes of Oedipus, by Ingo Gildenhard and Andrew Zissos; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 121, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. 129-147/

Internet law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Internet law - Essay Example Jurisdiction remains largely an issue with regards to internet transaction because of the intrinsic characteristics of the internet and those who uses it5. The European Union recognizing the borderless nature of internet commerce that may affect its member nations have created a body of law through the European Economic Area. Ratified and agreed on in May 1997 the European Union directive6 has provided a framework for trade in order for member states to enact similar laws that would complement the laws enacted by other European Union members that would address in part e-commerce or transactions consummated over the internet. The caveat however is that this body of laws remain enforced and effective within the European Economic Area only. For its part the United Kingdom has enacted the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 20007 in response to the European Union directive that covers mail order, telephone sales and other distance selling business strategy. The regulation mandates that the seller provide its potential customers with detailed information that would include the main characteristics of the goods; the price, including any taxes and delivery costs; payment arrangements; guarantees and where to address complaints about the goods. In retrospect the provisions of the law supplements the weakness of distance selling as against actual face to face commerce8. In actual face to face commerce, the buyer has the luxury of inspecting the product up close and personal. The buyer in these instances also has the benefit of taking possession of the item after he has paid all that is required to gain ownership of the item. In internet transaction or e-commerce the actual possession of the item being bought except for some items will take days if not months after the buyer has paid what is due the seller9. The following are the protected rights of e-consumers under the distance selling regulation for sellers and buyers that are both within the jurisdicti on of the European Economic Area. Unless otherwise agreed the sale and delivery of goods should be completed within thirty days. If in case the goods ordered are not available, e-consumers have the right to a refund provided that it is done within thirty days. E-consumers are also entitled to return goods within seven days from receipt and refund less the cost of carriage for items within limits10. It should be noted however that there are exceptions to this rule normally perishable goods, custom-made-goods and dated goods such as journals and publications are exempt for refund. Buyers also have the right to cancel payments for goods that have been ordered through fraud. The logic of this provision is to protect the interest of both seller and buyer in cases where losses are likely to occur because items are either unique that no other buyer will get it or items have become useless due to spoilage11. Due to the increased efficiency and convenience experienced in using the internet t o transact business more and more people gravitates towards this mode of commerce because of the ease and comfort it provides its users. The drawback however of internet transaction is the increased risk for fraud and the difficulty of recovering the money used in the transaction not to mention the prosecution of the culprits responsible12. Thus, the government fully supported an accreditation scheme for internet traders named â€Å"

Rise of the Gentry and The Agrarian revolution Essay

Rise of the Gentry and The Agrarian revolution - Essay Example In the Span of 300 years, majority of the population who was working in the agricultural industry dropped to only a quarter , meanwhile, the population of Britain doubled. Historically, when the population levels in the Middle Ages bubbled in such a fashion, Malthusian checks came into play. Disease and famine became the order of the day, and finally, the back of feudalism broke in England. On the other hand, France was under the oppressive control of feudalism. As I will demonstrate in later part of my research, France also experienced a Malthusian check, even though there was short sea between the two countries This essay explores the evidence on emergence of a non-feudal class, known as the gentry to Tawney , and the role it played in industrial revolution. This particular class is considered as one of the primary agents that facilitated the path for successful transition from feudalism to an economy that is equipped to embrace the industrial revolution. This research also present the evidence that this non-feudal class rose in the context of: an economic atmosphere in their favor; an opportunity to ascend that was presented primarily through the dissolution of the monasteries; decline of the aristocracy and the centralization of the monarchy; and changing religious atmosphere that became encouraging for entrepreneurship and profit maximization. This economic, religious, and political transformation was not for England alone, the entire continent experienced it. However, the gentry, a particular class was unique to England that was able to escape the cycle. 2. Who were the Gentry? In order to discuss the role of this class in Industrial Revolution, it is crucial to recognize who they were. England, the birthplace of the industrial revolution, had a unique organization of the aristocracy. Unlike the rest of the continent, primogeniture was the order of the day, and thus, title and privilege of nobility and an intact estate were awarded only to the eldest son. Whilst rest of the offspring were considered commoners3.Another distinguishing feature was that English nobility did not rule entire regions or districts, rather their estates were dispersed across the British Isle’. These features proved to be the driving factors that enabled a non-feudal class to emerge. The aforementioned class was also known as the Peerage, and had the right to sit in the House of the Lords. In contrast, the gentry dominated the House of Commons. The gentry was a distinguished group of people with high social standing4 in English society, ranked right below the nobility, and above comm on people. Economically, this class drew their finances from several arenas including, but not limited to: rents of their farms, town property, investments, and working in law5. Primarily, the major difference between the Peerage and the Gentry was a legal distinction6. The discussion over gentry's role in Britain's development has been extensive, much of the disagreement about their role stems from the absence of a standard classification of gentry7. Trevor-Roper argues, to distinguish between Peerage and Gentry was mere conjecture, rather the differences between the two were minimal since the era was an aristocratic one. The groups were homogenous, and identified by similar lifestyles, interests and values8. Gentry had a greater possession of

Effact of the government shot down in us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effact of the government shot down in us - Essay Example nment runs several archives, libraries, and museums, and when it shut down, services from these institutions were temporarily stopped or delimited (Field, Basken, and Howard par.2). As a result, students who needed information from these organizations were hindered from completing their assignments, or their projects/assignments suffered delays. Furthermore, students who rely on government-sponsored scholarships were somewhat affected. A week or more delays from a government shutdown delayed the release of funds for disadvantaged students on scholarship (Field, Basken, and Howard par.3). Finally, government-run educational institutions temporarily stopped working. Public military academies were the hardest hit because they primarily relied on government funding (Atteberry par.5-7). These students would have had their education put on hold, while their access to school services and resources were also hindered when they were closed because of the government shutdown (Atteberry par.10) . Thus, the government shutdown directly affected students in several ways. When a government shuts down, its research and educational organizations immediately experience stoppage in operations in the short run (in varying degrees) and are at risk of a complete closure too in the long run. Either way, the lives of many college students are changed in ways that they could not have anticipated. Thus, the U.S. government shutdown, if it lasted for more than two weeks, could have severely economically and socially impacted public institutions, including the educational sector. Atteberry, Emily. â€Å"5 Ways the Shutdown has Affected College Students.† USA Today, 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. . Field, Kelly, Basken, Paul, and Jennifer Howard. â€Å"How a Government Shutdown Would Affect Academe.† The Chronicle of Higher Education, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Art - Essay Example The picture captures the hearty vitality that the painting shows. Via strong and concrete auditory and visual images and through the strong measured rhythm, it reveals that the villagers loved to celebrate their lives. The picture can be described as ekphrastic poem that focuses on a painting of a fair where a community or village participates in a very active and aggressive dance. More so, the painter emphasized on the bellies, shanks, and butts in the poem which suggests that roundness can be used to describe their obese physicality. It is also significant to note that the mouth is opened the largest when mentioning or pronouncing the word round and around further illustrating the pig-like qualities and characters of the villagers. The picture utilizes onomatopoeia as well as audio imaginary to try and make the painting appear real. It can be deduced that the annoying sounds in the paintings can be used to help describe the violent aspect of the dance as further as endorsed by the colors. The picture was intended to show an amazing depiction of careless merriment and records of events of meticulous details of people’s life during that time. It intends to shade more light on the painting by showing that people preserve their hope and depict determination to persevere hard conditions. That is the message that is contained in this painting as presented by the painter. Through the work, it is easy to learn and understand more about village life of that period and the people who inhabited it. For instance, it is easy to know how they dressed, danced, ate and hunted as it is the case of contemporary paintings. The painter had in his mind a moral slant in that lust, anger and gluttony are vividly seen in the painting. More so, the picture reveals the painters intention of bringing out the message that despite being the saints day, people have deserted the church. This picture cannot

Comparison of a Poem to a Song Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of a Poem to a Song - Coursework Example The poem â€Å"theme for English B† is a poem written at the peak of racial discrimination in the year 1951.  In the poem,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"theme for English B† Hughes talks about the differences between him and his class instructor (Bloom, pg 21). The poet talks about being the only colored person in his  class  and shows the  feeling  of his  likeness  to other races, solely â€Å" white† and yet different throughout the poem. Using his  community  (Harlem) as an  inspiration  Hughes manages to write a poem that depicts his  ethnic  affiliation. The class  instructor  gave a  precise  brief description of the  assignment  that is, go home, write a page tonight, and let the  page  be the  original  thoughts of students (Fetzer, pg 23). The persona in the  poem  remains  uncertain  on whether the task is that  easy  as portrayed by the class instructor.  Afterwards,  the student outlines the reasons substantia ting his  thought  that such an  assignment  could not be  easy. The speaker in the poem â€Å"theme for English B† is older compared to most white students in the English class. Secondly, the student gives the  route  he takes from  school  to his  residence  where the narrator sits  to do  his  assignment (Bloom, pg 46). The student perceives the  difficulty in writing true ideals or something that is only purported to be true. This judgment was at the discretion of the  white  class  instructor. The student plunges into listing what he likes, subsequently supposing that being colored does not make him different from the things he likes as other races.  The speaker in the  poem  is bothered  if his black identity  will make a difference in what he writes (Fetzer, pg 44). Secondly,  he wonders whether he will be able  to talk  with a white tutor  given that  he  is black. Despite these ill feelings, the speaker in the   poem  finally admits that both of them are part of each other. The speaker then delves into an  extremely  significant  conclusion  that as the black students learn  from the  white tutor, the  instructor  equally  learns from the  black student.  The tone of Langston Hughes in his poem befits the  description  of  mildly  ironical’ as he shows his difficulty in  earnestly  communicating  his own feelings at the  specifications  of his  white  tutor of English.  Irony is  manifest  in the  poem  where he commences by saying â€Å"I wonder if it is that simple,† but at the end of the poem, he succeeds in doing just that in a  remarkably  correct  manner. His actual inner being comprises of two distinguishing aspects; he is black and very different from the instructor of his class. Secondly, he is an American just like every other American inclusive of his tutor. The author of the poem embraces a conciliat ory tone that acknowledges the fact that the two races are part of each other. Nevertheless, the poem ends on a tone full of  regret  somewhat more  free. Besides poems, songs are also excellent mediums of creating awareness or sensitizing the  society. An example is the  song  we shall be  free  by Garth Brooks. The  song  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We Shall Be Free† is a song produced by American country music artist during the year 1992. The artist was born on February 7, 1962 in America. The artist in the release of this song collaborated with Stephanie Davis. In this song, an ordinary  man  conceives of a world in which human beings are free from earthly subjugations. Topics addressed in this

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Art - Essay Example The picture captures the hearty vitality that the painting shows. Via strong and concrete auditory and visual images and through the strong measured rhythm, it reveals that the villagers loved to celebrate their lives. The picture can be described as ekphrastic poem that focuses on a painting of a fair where a community or village participates in a very active and aggressive dance. More so, the painter emphasized on the bellies, shanks, and butts in the poem which suggests that roundness can be used to describe their obese physicality. It is also significant to note that the mouth is opened the largest when mentioning or pronouncing the word round and around further illustrating the pig-like qualities and characters of the villagers. The picture utilizes onomatopoeia as well as audio imaginary to try and make the painting appear real. It can be deduced that the annoying sounds in the paintings can be used to help describe the violent aspect of the dance as further as endorsed by the colors. The picture was intended to show an amazing depiction of careless merriment and records of events of meticulous details of people’s life during that time. It intends to shade more light on the painting by showing that people preserve their hope and depict determination to persevere hard conditions. That is the message that is contained in this painting as presented by the painter. Through the work, it is easy to learn and understand more about village life of that period and the people who inhabited it. For instance, it is easy to know how they dressed, danced, ate and hunted as it is the case of contemporary paintings. The painter had in his mind a moral slant in that lust, anger and gluttony are vividly seen in the painting. More so, the picture reveals the painters intention of bringing out the message that despite being the saints day, people have deserted the church. This picture cannot

Custmer and supplier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Custmer and supplier - Essay Example The students create a demand for the services offered by the professional fraternity. Instructors are expected to offer a conducive social environment that encourages responsiveness in a class or lecture hall (Tomas 31). The teachings delivered are expected to increase student productivity in the engineering field. This includes using competitive instructional formats and preparation for the job market. Registrar The role of registrar is to facilitate admission and ensure the enrolment of engineering students is smooth. This includes ensuring the integrity of examinations and clear submission of thesis and other academic requirements are fulfilled. The office of registrar ensures the logistical preparedness of the student is achieved. This also entails considering the students under interdisciplinary programs have maximized their services with minimal interferences. The number of students is directly proportional to the workload in the office of registrar. This means that students af fect the demand to registrar services. Cafeteria This is the place where students get meals. The profitability of cafeteria business depends on the number of students using the service. The cafeteria system supplies food to the other stakeholders who include lecturers and students. The students create a demand for food services and the cafeteria supplies to offset the demand (Tomas 19). The success of students and cafeteria systems is mutually inclusive. Internet suppliers Most of the students have access to internet services through wireless networks and other centers like cyber cafes. The internet service providers ensure that fast service is delivered for research and other academic assignments. This ensures that students perform according to the expected standards. Engineering and computer students are perceived to become increasingly dependent of internetworking and other advanced software. The supply of the international networks forms the core of the expected competencies in the coursework. The internet service providers gain through increased coverage and subscription. The rise of technologies like video conferencing and electronic library services has given rise to renewed demand for information technology services and providers. This is the foundation of virtual learning. Technological companies like Google and Microsoft have created an atmosphere for virtual platforms to meet the growing demands. Students and university policy initiatives e.g. Recreation services and discoveries The college environment for engineering students offers an enabling atmosphere for students to access recreation services. Some the structures include five star hotels with swimming pools, conference centers and other prestigious facilities. Most of these investment targets the college fraternity which includes students, lecturers, workers and other staff within universities. The students create a demand for the facilities depending on the level of education and academic nee ds. Interuniversity contests take place in these facilities. The hotels offer multiple services which include high profile meals and specialized accommodation services. These hotels target high level learning events, wealthy students and lecturers among others. They offer practical in case of special arrangements which interested university departments. The demand for specialized facilities is directly

A Person You Admire the Most Essay Example for Free

A Person You Admire the Most Essay â€Å"In recent decades some extreme forms of violence against children, including sexual exploitation and trafficking, female genital mutilation (FGM), the worst forms of child labour and the impact of armed conflict, have provoked international outcry and achieved a consensus of condemnation, although no rapid remedy. But in addition to these extreme forms of violence, many children are routinely exposed to physical, sexual and psychological violence in their homes and schools, in care and justice systems, in places of work and in their communities. All of this has devastating consequences for their health and well-being now and in the future.† Read more: Essay people I admire (1) Child Abuse â€Å"Child abuse is not simply any harm that befalls children. Children throughout the world suffer from a multitude of harms- malnutrition, starvation, infectious disease, congenital defects, abandonment, economic exploitation, the violence of warfare, to name a few. Not all harm that befalls children is child abuse.† (2) Child abuse is harm resulting from intentional human action. The most fundamental attribute of child abuse is that it is harmful to the child and detrimental to his/her well-being. There is also an important difference between unintentional and intentional harm. â€Å"It has been observed that what is so destructive about child abuse and neglect (as opposed to other forms of injury) is that the betrayal of the child’s trust leads to defective socialization.†(3) Child abuse is correlated with unemployment and poverty. â€Å"Rates of abuse and neglect can be thought of as indicators of the quality of life for families, and maltreatment can be viewed as a symptom, rather than a cause, of difficulties in family and individual functioning.†(4) Thus, overall rates of child abuse are higher in regions characterized by a higher proportion of low-income families and in regions with unusually high rates of unemployment. There are four main categories of child abuse: physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse.(5) Physical Abuse Studies from countries around the world suggest that up to 80 to 98 % of children suffer physical punishment in their homes,(6) and it is estimated that 57,000 children under the age of 15 die as a result of physical abuse per year.(7) Physical abuse can range from minor bruises to severe  fractures or death as a result of punching, beating, hitting, shaking, or otherwise harming a child. One of the most common types of physical abuse in infants includes Shaken Baby Syndrome. (8)Emotional Abuse and Neglect Emotional abuse is behavior that impairs a child’s emotional development or sense of self-esteem. It may include threats, constant criticism, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Neglect is a pattern of failing to provide for a child’s basic physical and emotional needs. Neglect is a very common type of child abuse, and according to Child Welfare Information Gateway, more children suffer from neglect than from physical and sexual abuse combined. (9) Sexual Abuse and Child Prostitution Sexual abuse of a child is any sexual act between an adult and a child which may include sexual intercourse, incest, rape, oral sex, sodomy, inappropriate touching, or kissing. â€Å"An overview of studies in 21 countries (mostly developed) found that 7-36% of women and 3-29% of men reported sexual victimization during childhood, and the majority of studies found girls to be abused at 1.5-3 times the rate for males. Most of the abuse occurred within the family circle.† (10) Child prostitution â€Å"involves offering the sexual services of a child or inducing a child to perform sexual acts for a form of compensation, financial or otherwise.† (11) Worldwide, approximately 1 million children are forced into prostitution every year, and it is estimated that the total number of child prostitutes is as high as 10 million. â€Å"Generally children do not commit child prostitution but the adults who engage in prostitution or offer a child’s sexual services to others for ce them. It is estimated that at least 1 million girls worldwide are lured or forced into this scandalous form of child exploitation. Child prostitution is more frequent in developing countries such as Brazil and Thailand where more than 200,000 children are exploited.† (12) Child prostitution is not only a cause of death and high morbidity for millions of children, but also a gross violation of their rights. Prostitution negatively affects children’s sexual health, causes psychological harm, and puts them at risk for enduring increased violence. Sexual Health: Child prostitutes are at a high risk of contracting HIV. HIV infection rates in prostituted children range from 5% in Vietnam to 17% in  Thailand. One study reports that 50-90% of children rescued from brothels in Southeast Asia are infected with HIV. Prostituted children are also at a high risk of acquiring other STDs. For example, one study found that child prostitutes have STD rates in Cambodia of 36% and in China of 78%, compared to the 5% yearly incidence of STDs in adolescents worldwide. (13) Psychological Harm: Child prostitution also causes serious long-term psychological harm, including anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorders. Prostituted children are at a high risk of suicide and post-traumatic stress disorder. A study conducted in the U.S. found that 41% of pregnant prostituted adolescents reported having seriously considered or attempted suicide within the past year.(14) Violence: Prostituted children are at a high risk of enduring injuries and violence. The children may be physically and emotionally abused into submission, while girls may be beaten to induce miscarriages. A study of 475 child prostitutes in five countries found that 73% of participants had been physically assaulted while working as a sex worker, and 62% reported having been raped. (15) Child Labor Child labor is a problem worldwide, but it particularly affects children in developing countries. Child labor is characterized by full-time work at too early of an age, and too many hours spent working. The work often exerts undue physical, social, or psychological stress, hampers access to education, and may be detrimental to social and psychological development. The ILO’s Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor recently estimated that 211 million children, or 18 % of children aged 5-14, are economically active worldwide. 60% of these working children live in Asia, and 23% live in sub-Saharan Africa. Most economically active children are employed in agriculture. For example, in Nepal, 85% of economically active children are in agriculture. In Cambodia, the rate is 73% while in Morocco it is 84%.(16) The type of child labor is the most important determinant of the incidence of work-related injuries. An estimated 6 million work-related injuries occur among children annually, which results in 2.5 million disabilities and 32,000 fatalities every year. In developing countries, children often work under hazardous conditions in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. For these children, crushing accidents, amputations, and fractures account for 10% of all work-related  injuries. Working children are not only at risk of physical injury, but are vulnerable to workplace toxins and chemical hazards as well.(17) Specific hazards vary according to the industry type. Child workers may be exposed to high temperatures, and a high risk of accidents caused by cuts and burns if they work in the brassware and glass-bangle industry. Children who work in matches and firebox shops may be exposed to chemical hazards and a risk of fire and explosion. Children who work in the carpet industry are exposed to repetitive movements, chemical hazards, inhalation of wool dust contaminated with biological agents, and inadequate working postures. Lastly, children who work in the shoe industry are often exposed to glue. (18) â€Å"Using data derived from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBDS), estimates of child occupational mortality rates by region were found to be comparable with adult mortality rates, indicating that the conditions in which children work are as dangerous as, or more dangerous then, those in which adults work.†(19) Child labor not only negatively affects a child’s health, but it also negatively impacts his/her ability to receive schooling and perform academically. When children are forced by their families to work, they no longer have the time to attend school. Though there are a significant number of children who go to school and work, the work may negatively impact their studies. Data from 12 Latin American countries find that third and fourth graders who attend school and never conduct market or domestic work perform 28% better on mathematics tests and 19% better on language tests than children who both attend school and work. (20) Child labor is also problematic because it creates a vicious cycle. A study conducted in Egypt found that many fathers couldn’t find work or were unemployed for health reasons that were a result of them having worked too long hours, in conditions that negatively impacted their health as children. For example, one man had worked in pottery factories since childhood and was blinded as a result. Thus, one of his sons was then forced at the age of 8 to provide for the family and engage in full-time work. (21) Low income, poverty, and poor educational institutions are the driving forces behind the prevalence of child labor worldwide. (22) â€Å"Child labor exists because education systems and labor markets do not function properly, because poor households cannot insure themselves against income fluctuations, and because perverse incentives exist that create a demand for child labor.†(23) Thus, many  families, especially those in developing countries, need extra income or can’t afford to send their children to school, so they send them to work. â€Å"Historical growth rates suggest that reducing child labor through improvements in living standards alone will take time. If a more rapid reduction in the general incidence of child labor is a policy goal, improving educational systems and providing financial incentives to poor families to send children to school may be more useful solutions to the child labor problem than punitive measures designed to prevent children from earning income.† (24)

Steps in Company Formation

Steps in Company Formation INTRODUCTION A company is a group of persons associated together for the attainment of a common end, social or economic. Or we can say a company is an association of individuals formed for some common purpose. The company incorporated under the section 3 (1)(i) of the Companies Act 1956 or some earlier company Acts. Companies incorporated under the companies Act 1956 are mostly business companies but they may also be formed for promoting art, research, charity, commerce, or any other useful purpose. A company, formed and registered under the Company Act, is regarded by law as a single person, having specified rights and obligations. The law confers on a company a distinct legal personality, with perpetual succession and a common seal. OBJECTIVE OF THE TERM PAPER The objective of the company formation is To know, grasp the application of the corporate business law. To know about the essential step to company formation To know what are the essential documents regarding to the company formation. To know about the legal formalities that is required for the formation of company. FORMATION OF PUBLIC STEEL INDUSTRY STEP 1- SELECTION OF THE TYPES OF THE COMPANY:- We are forming PUBLIC COMPANY, section 3(1) (iv) of the companies Act 1956. We establish a steel industry. It is basically the manufacturing industry of steel. STEP 2-SELECTION OF NAME FOR THE PROPOSED COMPANY:- For the selection of name for the company following measures are taken by my team members:- CIRCULARS:- GENERAL CIRCULARS which are issued by the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF FINANCIAL AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS. It is send or issued to all the registrars of the company and it is also issued to the regional and board of directors of the company. We have kept in all the parameters regarding the formation and naming of the steel company in steel sector. For example, we have kept in mind what all things and legal aspects are important for the formation of company and what all are its requirements. ACTS AND BILLS:- After we had finished up with the circulars and other legal formalities under company bill we then move to billing part. Under this various clauses are involved such as:- Short title Commencement and application Memorandum Articles of association Companys register charges Removal of board of director MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION THE COMPANY ACT, 1956 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF GANDHI TELECOM LTD Contents of Memorandum: The memorandum of association of every company must contain the following clauses given below:- Name clause- The name of the company is mentioned in the name clause. A public limited company must end with the word Limited Name of company:- Gandhi Telecom ltd. Gupta Telecom ltd. Prashant Telecom ltd. Sham Telecom ltd. Dines Telecom ltd. Gupta telecom name is already registered Prashant is not suitable for the company Sham and Dines not agreed by the members. So we decided the name GANDHI TELECOM LTD Registered Office clause- 176, urban estate, Industry area, Phagwara, pin code: 144401 Object clause- This clause is the most important clause of the company. It specifies the activities which a company can carry on and which activities it cannot carry on. The company cannot carry on any activity which is not authorized by its MOA. This clause must specify:- To provide communication service as like local calls, S.T.D calls, local and National SMS across India and I.S.D calls. To provide value added service. To provide internet services. To provide broadband services. TO increase the market share. To provide the wider range network. OBJECTS OTHER OF THE MAIN OBJECT ARE: To enter into arrangement for sharing profit, union of interest, cooperation or joint venture with any person firm or company. To appoint to deal with or to act as agents, sub agents, dealers, sub-dealers, Distributors for selling or purchasing or dealing with the product s or services related to the business of the company. To do all such acts and things as may be necessary to carry out business of the Company. Liability clause:- The word company in this memorandum when company applied otherwise then to this company shall whenever the context so required or admits be deemed to include any authority, partnership or other body of person whether domiciled in India or elsewhere. The liability of the member is limited by share. The authorized share capital of company is Rs. 50, 00,00000 Submission of document of the Company: For the registration of the company, it is essential to ascertain from the Registrar Of Companies if the proposed name of the company is approved. Then the following documents duly stamped together with the necessary fees are to be filled with the Registrar. Memorandum of association, prepared according to the company act 1956, and signed by at least 7 persons in the case of public company. And duly signed by subscribers. The Articles of association, the public ltd company is limited by guarantee and private companies are limited by shares. The agreement, if any, which the company proposes to enter into with any individual for appointment as its managing or whole time director or manager [sec. 33(1)]. The list of the directors who have agreed to become the first directors of the company and their written consent to act as director and take up qualification shares. A declaration by any of the following persons, an advocate, an attorney or a pleader, a chartered accountant , or a person named in the articles as director, manager, or secretary of the company. The registration fees of a company are fixed on the graduated scale on the amount of nominal capital or the number of members. There is also a filing fee per document. If the Registrar is satisfied that all the required documents of the act have been compiled with, he will register the company and issue a certificate called the Certificate of Incorporation. FORM NO. 1 Registration No. of Company 14456. Nominal Capita: Rs50crore . THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Declaration of compliance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956 on application for registration of a company [Pursuant to section 33(2)] Name of Company GANDHI TELECOM LTD Limited/Private Limited Presented by Sham sunder Gandhi I, ., of do solemnly and sincerely Declare that I am [1] major who is engaged in the formation of the company, or a person Named in the articles as a director/manager/secretary of the Limited/Private Limited. And that all the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and the rules thereunder in respect of matters precedent to the registration of the said company and incidental thereto have been complied with. And make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true. Date 25-11-2009 Sham sunder Place phagwara Signature Witness Rajesh Sham Sunder Designation 1. An advocate of the Supreme Court of the NOA . High Court, an attorney or a pleader entitled to appear before the ..NOA. High Court or a chartered accountant practicing in India. 2. State whether director, manager / secretary /advocate/ chartered account. FORM NO. 18 Registration No. of the Company 14456 Nominal Capital: Rs50crore THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Notice of the situation/change of situation of registered office [pursuant to section 146] Name of the company GANDHI TELECOM LTD Notice is hereby given that - (a) the registered office of the company is situated .with effect from 22-11-2009 [date] (b) the situation of the registered office of the company of was changed from NOA to with effect form . [date] Situation of registered office falls under the jurisdiction of (name of the police station).* Dated this Day of 19 Sham sunder Signature SHAM SUNDER GANDHI Name (In Block Capitals) Sham Sunder Designation . FORM NO 29 Registration No. of Company ..14456 Nominal Capital Rs. 50crore. THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Consent to act as director of a company and/or undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares [pursuant to section 264(2)/266(I)(a) and 266(1)(b)(iii)] Name of company .GANDHI TELECOM Limited Presented by ..SHAM SUNDER. To the Registrar of Companies NOA. . I, the undersigned, hereby testify my consent to act as director of the .. limited, .. pursuant to section 264(2)/266(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 1956 and certify that I have not been disqualified to act as a director under sections 267 and/or 274 of the Companies Act, 1956. I, the undersigned having consented to act as director of the Limited, also hereby undertake to take from the said company and pay for .. shares of Rs. .. each, being the number/value of the shares prescribed as the qualification shares for the office of director of the said company. Name and surname in full and fathers names Address Occupation Date of birth Nationality Signature 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vijay Kumar Mehli gate, Phagwara Business 15-4-1984 INDIAN Vijay Signature: SHAM SUNDER.. Designation .Sham Sunder.. Dated the day of .. 19 Notes: (1) Delete the portion not applicable. (2) If a director signs through his agent authorised in writing, the authority must be produced before the Registrar. (3) In case of undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares, the from should be accompanied by the necessary stamp duty. FORM NO. 32 Registration No. of Company 14456. Nominal Capital Rs. 50CRORE THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Particulars of appointment of directors and manager and changes among them [Pursuant to section 303(2)] Name of Company .GANDHI TELECOM LTD Presented by SHAM SUNDER Note: If a company has no particulars to be included in one or two of the headings ‘A ‘B and ‘C the parts containing those headings (in respect of which the company has no particulars to be included) need not be filed. A. Appointment of and changes among directors. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. vijay kumar Madan Baanga Mehli Gate Phagwara INDIAN 10-4-2009 NO Notes: (1) A note of changes should be made in column 6 e.g. by inserting against the name of new director, etc. the words â€Å"in place of and by indicating against the name of the former director, the cause for the change, e.g. by death, resignation, retirement by rotation, disqualification etc. (2) In case of managing director, his designation should be stated with his name in columan1. B. [***] C. Appointment of and changes in manager ship and secretary ship. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rajesh Kumar Pardeep kumar jalandhar INDIAN 10-4-2009 NO Dated the day of ..19 Signature .SHAM SUNDER. DesignationSham Sunder.. Notes: (1) For the purposes of this form, particulars of a person appointed as manager within the meaning of section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 1956 need be given. (2) A note of change as also the cause of change e.g. by death, resignation, removal, disqualification, etc. should be stated in column 6. Article of Association The Gandhi telecom Limited contains following rules and regulations and also bye-laws for the internal management of the affairs of a company. The articles are next in importance to the Memorandum of Association which contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone a company is allowed to be incorporated. They are as such subordinate to, and controlled by, the Memorandum. Contents of Articles Share capital The Share capital of the company is Rs. 50, 00, 00,000 (Rupees fifty crore only). They have been divided into 10 crore Equity shares of Rs.100 each (Twenty rupees only), with the provision of the company Act, 1956 Capital of the company The capital of the company may increase from time to time, by the creations of the new shares. This increase in the amount is to be divided among all the shares holders. Reduction of capital The Company may subject from time to time by special promise will reduce its capital or Share Premium Account in any manner for the time being authorized by law and capital may be paid off in the future. Share and certificate The share certificates will be issued free of cost to all the shareholders of the company. The shares in the capital shall be numbered progressively according to their value. Any share forming part of any increased capital of the company shall be under the control of the Directors who may issue and allot or otherwise dispose of the same or any one of them to such persons n such proposition and on such terms and conditions. Acceptance of shares Any application signed by or on the applicant for shares in the company followed by an allotment of any share there in shall be an acceptance of shares within the meaning of these Articles. Renewal of Share Certificate No fee shall be charged for the issue of new shares certificates in the replacement of the old ones. Calls on shares Company may from time to time, subject the terms on which any shares may have been issued and subject to the conditions o allotment which is passed at a meeting of the Board. Share warrant The company may issue share warrants subject to and in accordance with the provisions of sections 114and 115. The Board may in its discretion with respect to any share which is fully paid up on applications in writing signed by the persons registered as holder of the shares. Transfers of shares The transfer of shares from one person to the other person will be made but with the information of the company. This change will be also made in the companys shareholders Catalogue. Forfeiture of the shares The shares of any shareholder can be cancelled if he or she is not able to pay the payment. The forfeiture of a share shall involve extinction, at the time of the forfeiture, of all claims and demands against to the Company in respect of the share and all other rights incidental to the share, except only such of those right as by these Articles are expressly saved. Surrender of shares The Directors may subject to the provisions of the Act, accept a surrender of any from or by any member desirous of surrendering them on such terms as they think fit. Lien on shares The company shall have a first lien upon all the shares, not being fully paid up shares registered in the name of each member and upon the proceeds of the sale thereof for all money called or payable at a fixed time in respect of such shares and no equitable interest in any share shall be created except upon the footing and condition here of is to have full effect. Winding up At the time of winding up the company is going to liquidate all its assets and the amount from the liquidation of the assets will be distributed to the debentures holders and preference share holders first and then afterwards the rest of the amount to the equity share holders. PROSPECTUS General information: Name : GANDHI TELECOM LIMITED Address: 176, Model Town, Industrial Area, Phagwara. Name of stock exchange: Ludhiana Stock Exchange Jalandhar Stock Exchange Chandigarh Stock Exchange Amritsar Stock Exchange Provision of Sub section (1) of section 68 A of the companies Act, 1956 relating to punishment for fictitious Applications. Statement/ declaration about refund of the issue if minimum subscription 90% is not received within 90 days from closure of the issue. Declaration about the issue of allotment letters/refund with in a period of 10 weeks and interest in case of any delay in refund at the prescribed rate under section 73(2) (2a) Date of opening of the issue: 12-december-2009 Date of closing of the issue: 18-12-2009 Date of earliest closing of the issue: 16-12-2009 Name and address of auditors: Vijay deep, Jalandhar. Capital structure of company Authorized Capital: 50 crore Issued capital: 40 crore Subscribed capital: Paid up Capital: ii. Size of present issue giving separately reservation for preferential allotment to promoters and others. Paid up capital: a. after the present the issue b. after conversion of Debentures Term of the present issue Term of present issue Terms of Payments. Right of the instruments holders How to apply-availability of forms, prospectus and mode of payment Any Special tax benefits of the company and its shareholders. Particulars of the issue: Objects To provide communication service as like local calls, S.T.D calls, local and National SMS across India and I.S.D calls. To provide value added service. To provide internet services. To provide broadband services. TO increase the market share. To provide the wider range network. To provide telecom networks and to run and maintain telecom services like basic/fixed line services, cellular/mobile services, paging, video-text, voice mail data systems, private switching network services, transmission networks of all types, computer networks like local area network, wide area network, Electronic Mail, Intelligent network, Multimedia communication systems or the combinations thereof. To promote establish Companies, Funds, Associations or Partnerships for providing telecom networks and/or to run and maintain telecom services like basic/fixed line services, cellular/mobile services, paging, videotext, voice mail and data systems, private switching network services, transmission network of all types, computer networks i.e. local area network, wide area network, Electronic Mail, Intelligent network. To guarantee/ counter guarantee the obligations of any of its subsidiary/ associate/ group companies and/or other companies in which the company has equity interest under any agreements/ contracts/ debentures, bonds, stocks, mortgages, charges and securities. Project cost Means of financing (including contribution of promoters) Company management and project History and main objects and present business of the company. Promoters and their background Name, addresses and occupation of manager, managing director Location of the project Collaboration, The products Following particulars in regard to the company and other listed companies under the same management within the meaning of section370(IB),which made any capital issue during the last 3 years. Name of the company: Gandhi Telecom limited Year of issue: 2009 Type of issue: Public (Public/Rights/composite) Amount of issue: Date of closure of issue Date of completion of delivery of share/debenture certificates. Date of completion the project Where object of the issue was financing of a project Rate of dividend paid Outstanding litigation pertaining to- Matters likely to affect operation and finances of the company including disputed tax liabilities of any nature; and Criminal prosecution launched against the company and the directors for alleged offences Management perception of risk factors (example: sensitivity to foreign exchange rate fluctuations difficulty in availability of raw material in marketing of product cost/time over run etc. SHRILONG Now therefore in consideration of the mutual covenants set forth herein and intending to be legally bound , the parties here to agree as follows. 1. Terms of agreement : This agreement will be begin [13-11-09] and will end [13-11-2010]. Either party may cancel the agreement in between [15 days] notice to other party in writing by certified personal delivery or by mail. 2.Time needed by them : It is Needed that your company employee will spend approximately [150] hours in these three months contract with the obligation of this contract. In a week a employee must devote minimum of [10] hour by taking care of their personal problems. 3. Place of services : According to the Contract at a location of consultanatss only be considered. The consultant will perform services on seminar halls, auditorium, or any other places as necessary to perform these services according to this agreement. 4. Payment made : We perform services on the rate of Rs 400/hr for work performed in accordance with this agreement extra time will be charged, on services provided. Payment must occurred on first three days of every month. 5. Confidential information : The [Gandhi Telecom ltd] agrees that any information recived during their contract period which concerts to personal, Confidence and will not be revealed to any other persons, firms and organizations. 6. In Witness Where of : The parties here to have excuted this Agreement as of the day and year First above written†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. REFERENCE TO THE INTERNET www.mca.gov.in www.vakeel.com www.roc.com

Life And Works Of George Orwell :: essays research papers fc

In his short life, George Orwell managed to author several works which would inspire debate across the political spectrum for years to come due to his extreme views on Totalitarianism as exemplified in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell is now regarded as one of the finest essayists in Modern English literature because of his inspired common sense and a power of steady thought. Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair in Bengal on January 23, 1903. He lived with his two sisters, mother and father who was a minor official in Indian Customs. Orwell’s childhood has been an influence on his later life and writing. British Writers by Ian Scott-Kilvert quotes Orwell as saying: Looking back on my own childhood, after the infant years were over, I do not believe that I ever felt love for any mature person, except my Mother, and even her I did not trust, in the sense that shyness made me conceal most of my real feelings from her†¦ I merely disliked my own father, whom I had barely seen before I was eight and who appeared to me simply as a gruff-voiced elderly man forever saying "Don’t." Early in his childhood, he was sent to a fashionable preparatory school on a scholarship. The other boys were much better off than Orwell was. Looking back on his school years, British Writers by Ian Scott-Kilvert again quotes Orwell as saying: I had no money, I was weak, I was ugly, I was unpopular, I had a chronic cough, I was cowardly, I smelt†¦ The conviction that it was not possible for me to be a success went deep enough to influence my actions until far into adult life. Until I was thirty I always planned my life on the assumption not only that any major undertaking was bound to fail, but that I could only expect to live a few years longer. At the age of 13, Orwell was rewarded with not one, but two separate scholarships. Orwell decided upon Eton, which was the more distinguished and prestigious of the two. Of his time at Eton, Modern British Essayists by Robert L. Calde quotes Orwell as saying, "I did no work there and learned very little and I don’t feel that Eton had much of a formative influence on my life." However, a majority of English students does no work at Universities but instead broaden their outlook on life and acquire a new sense of self-confidence along with an ability that is far more valuable than academic learning. After Orwell’s time at Eton, the natural thing for him to do would have been to go on to Cambridge and continue his career there where he could easily have gained a full

Grieving in Amber by Eavan Boland :: essays research papers

Eavan Boland’s poem â€Å"Amber† was published in the Atlantic Monthly in December of 2005. This poem starts off sad, talking about a death of a friend and how grieving seemed to last forever. Boland shows us this through lines one through five. It then goes on saying that if you think of all the good memories that the grieving process will pass and you can be happy when thinking about the lost friend. Boland’s poem â€Å"Amber† is showing us that grieving shouldn’t last forever and that memories can take away the horrible feelings and bring happiness when thinking about a lost loved one. In the first five lines Boland presents the death of a friend and the writer is grieving â€Å"through seasons and centuries† (line 4), or in other words they are having a hard time getting over the grieving process. She then changes the mood by saying â€Å"On this fine September afternoon† (6). By putting the word â€Å"fine† in she is showing us that grieving is over. She starts talking about an ornament of amber that she is holding and that her friend gave this to her. By saying this she means that her friend gave her all of these memories and she is â€Å"holding† them, or keeping them in her memory. This ornament is the symbol of the memories the writer has of her lost friend. Then the writer is explaining that she has only memories because â€Å"The dead cannot see the living† (11) and vise versa. Boland then brings three images of seeds, leaves and feathers to our minds to present them as memories of a lost friend. In the middle of the poem Boland describes these â€Å"memories† by saying â€Å"as it fell and fell,† (15 and 16). By using â€Å"it† this shows that all of these memories are clumped together as one which makes them stronger. After this she goes on by saying â€Å"which now in a sunny atmosphere seem as alive as they ever were† (17 and 18). This is saying that the memories now bring bright and happy feelings and they seem alive because the memories are so strong that they seem as if they are real. When the writer refers to a Baltic honey this is referring back to the ornament of amber and how she was holding it in her hand, as if memories could be held. She then goes on to tell us a little about the friendship.

Managing People†Lenovo China Essay

Summary This assignment expresses and evaluates the Lenovo China’s human resource management from five parts. At stating, it introduces simply the history of Lenovo China. Then, describing and analysing approach of people management in Lenovo is the key point through five elements of overall approach, system of rewarding performance, employees’ recruitment, methods to improve development employees and the appraisal of individual performance. In particularly, the last three is talked mainly. However, the appraisal system has a little problem. Next, it mentions the leadership of Lenovo China which is mixture Chinese and western style. At end of the assignment, it gives some personal idea and recommendations on the appraisal system. 1.0Introduction The report will appraise human recourse management and give recommendations for Lenovo China. At beginning, it will introduce the background of Lenovo China. Then it will describe Lenovo China’s approach of people management from five aspects. Especially, it will focus on selecting and developing employees as well as the appraisal. Then it will talk about Lenovo China’s leadership and organizational culture. Finally, it will give personal opinions on Lenovo China and evaluation. 2.0People management in Lenovo China 2.1Introduction of Lenovo China The Lenovo China was established in 1984, turning the name of â€Å"Personnel Department† into â€Å"Human Resources Department† in 1995 when they had been an increasing awareness of the importance of persons (Ge, 2004). Nowadays, Lenovo China was a successful company because Lenovo China had ranked NO.450 in the ranking of the fortune Global 500 (CNN, 2011). 2.2Approach of People management in Lenovo China 2.2.1Overall approach The overall approach of Lenovo China is the mixture of classical approach and modern management theory with combination of X and Y theory (Mullins, 2010). In classical approach (Mullins, 2010), Lenovo China do not use absolute power and control over people. They think highly of human resource, because they know the importance of the talents (Ren, 2003). In addition, Lenovo China’s leaders also communicate with employees and listen to their opinions in order to gain their trust, which could obtain more ideas for development of the corporation. In spite of this, Lenovo China still have a complete set of the corporation system to manage people (Pi, 2011). In Lenovo China, as employees are doing any work, they must comply with these three principles: 1.insisting on working according to the rules if there are rules. 2. Working according to the rules in advance and coming up with recommendations timely, if the rules are not reasonable. 3. Applying and working according to the cultural value criteria of Lenovo China, if there are no rules (Pi, 2011). Employees of Lenovo China are in a condition of relative strict control, but they will be provided properly freedom to conduct activities and take responsibilities. For instance, technicians in Lenovo China have rights to adjusting their work hours with freedom (Deng, 2002). Thus, Lenovo China could offer opportunities to fulfil their ego needs. The overall approach is with Chinese and western characteristics of management and combine well these two management model. Lenovo China do not allow individualism like America, but they advocate collectivism. However, they are not like the old Chinese management model—centralization. Thus, the new generations can not only fulfil themselves but enjoy freedom at the same time. There are rules to control yet. 2.2.2System of rewarding performance Lenovo China apply mainly the Alderfer’s ERG theory (Mullins, 2010) to motivate employees, because they have two approaches which are physical satisfaction and psychological satisfaction (Pi, 2011). At beginning, for old generations of Lenovo employee, they have higher psychological demands. In addition to prove that their own knowledge can transform into treasures, their purposes are concerns about development of China. These people do not ask for much in physical satisfaction (Ren, 2003). On the contrary, there is a strong collective sense of honour between the old generations of Lenovo people. Hence, the motivation for them is development of collective spirit and motivation of goals (Ren, 2003). Further, at present, the new generations of Lenovo people is primarily motivated by physical satisfaction, because a plenty of foreign corporations and joints ventures were entering into China after the 1990s with offering high wage to attract diverse people, it threatened state-owned enterprises (Ren, 2003). However, nowadays, Lenovo China’s physical satisfaction includes several sides: salary, bonus, welfare and warrants. Bones have company’s, departmental and individual (Ren, 2003). For example, the half of the excess complete part shall be handed over to the corporation, and their department will dispose the rest of part to reward or give welfare (Pi, 2011). Welfare is normal welfare, such as insurance and housing public fund and so on. However, Lenovo China take the high standard. For instant, government has set a rule that each person have to save the 4 percent to8 percent of salary for the housing public fund, then Lenovo China will save the 8 percent for employe es (Ren, 2003). The advantage of method of motivation is that employee could be stimulated to devote oneself to fulfilment of overall objectives and personal expectations. In addition, the ways of stimulations of Lenovo China are very reasonable, because it is according to difference of various people to provide distinct stimulation, such as different personality, knowledge and features of jobs (Deng, 2003). Nevertheless, the more physical reward, the more expectations. Overmuch physical reward could not exactly stimulate improvement of employees, to the contrary, it perhaps leads the employee to be greedy and get private benefit without thinking of organizational goals. 2.2.3Recruiting and selecting employees The process of selecting employees in Lenovo China is very strict. There are two aspects which are inside recruitment and outside recruitment (Mullins, 2010). Inside recruitment involve choosing managers from within the organization, however, Lenovo China adhere to observe their abilities in same working conditions rather than proud achievements in the past (Deng, 2002), which is special. In addition, outside recruitment needs to hire new from outside by put up the information of campus recruitment at first (Pi, 2011). Then, beside testing of quality and evaluation of comprehensive capacityï ¼Å' Lenovo China also have a face to face conversation (Deng, 2002). There are nine questions Lenovo will ask: 1.self introduction, 2. what do you do in your company and what does your company do, 3. your superiorities and tell why Lenovo need you, 4. your weaknesses,5.do you have some suggestions for Lenovo,6.do you have wallet, 7.do watch the news, 8.what do you think of the job you apply and how to do well, 9.contrast with Lenovo and other brand, and the their advantages(Shi, 2008). Moreover, Lenovo China are willing to recruit the young who graduate from a higher institution, such as, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Beijing Science and Technology University and so on. In order to contest with competitors to seeking the persons with ability of professional technique and senior management, Lenovo China held recruiting activities in universities in advance, and conducting activities was earlier than foreign companies in each year. These activities included publicity of idea of Lenovo China and a meeting between students and outstanding employees with an on-site consultation of employment. Further, Lenovo China sponsored a competition of website designation for the national college students and set up a special award (Pi, 2011). Providing these opportunities helps Lenovo China to better promote their own and attract graduated students and graduands effectively. Moreover, nowadays, Lenovo china â€Å"focus on people who operate effectively on a global scale, regardless of their birth country†(Hegar and Hodgetts, 2011 p. 536). Lenovo China had appointed William Amelio who was an American executive from DELL in late 2005 (Schuman, 2010). However, in those years, â€Å"Lenovo was missing out on the faster-growing segments of PC markets† (Schuman, 2010 p.2). It demonstrated that foreign was not quit knowing about Chinese markets. 2.2.4Methods to improve development of employees Lenovo China emphasize training and retaining employees via four methods, because all of these trainings and results are associated with promotion (Wang, 2006). At first, each employee must be working from bottom of the corporation, then, having promotion step by step, due to organizational culture though this process being inherited and absorbed preferably(Ren, 2003). Secondly, they will choose those employees who are the most improved employees to training by experienced leaders teaching young challengers who will be the deputy jobs (Ren, 2003). Thirdly, it is essential to training coordinated operational capacity through teaching how to build teams (Ren, 2003). Finally, Lenovo China deem to be substance that is an assurance to attract talented persons, such as, giving ten present of stock of coordination, bonus and social welfare according to taking highest standards (Ren, 2003), especially, having vacation with salary and rewarding immediately (Deng, 2002). In addition, with regard to new employments, they all require to attend various oriented trainings. Then, they need to gradually accept trainings of organizational culture, generic skills and aspects of business and management (Deng, 2002). What’s more, though a series of trainings results, evaluation of specialists and 360 degree feedback analyse what aspects of the employees need to strengthen. Next, Lenovo China consider what aspects employees require to train according to their own development. Combination of two parts determines content of training of these employees and the whole year training plans. (Wang, 2006) On the other hand, the method of dismissal and post changing is an old way, but it is popular with employees. When an employee could not exactly exert his knowledge in his position, leaders will consider to giving his chance to check his ability by giving his specific objects. If he could deal with, it illustrates that the thoughts of leader has deviation. If he failed, the leader will have a personal talk when he admits his faults, the leader will continue to supply an opportunity to him. If he could not success until the third opportunity, he will meet refresh the position he stays at present. Then, even if the leader give him a demotion with the same wage as before (Deng, 2002), meanwhile, he will feel not uncomfortable. To conclude, it is a hommization management respecting for each member of the development, providing space of development and helping. 2.2.5The appraisal of individual performance Lenovo China pay attention to performance and ability with very strict appraisal of individual performance (Wang, 2006). Human resource department and every department of managers implement and control the appraisal through two ways which are performance measures and capability assessment. Performance was measured by quantitative evaluation of quality and quantity and cost of accomplished work and other contributions for company. Capability assessment involves work ability, work attitude and potential development (Wang, 2006). Moreover, there are four forms to apprise: superiors to subordinates, staff in the same level, subordinates to superiors, and the department to the department. Meanwhile, Lenovo China use questionnaires for departments evaluate each others in each year (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009). Furthermore, each leaders and employees should set objectives they want to achieve in each quarter and year and describe what the goals are and list specifically. In the end of each year and quarter, Human resource department and every department of managers have to exam whether the work is achieved and how the quality of work results is (Wang, 2006). In a word, salary decision, promotion and content of trainings are based on these results of the appraisal (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009). The advantage of the appraisal of individual performance is realizing the importance of taking responsibility by encouraging employees to put their own objectives into enterprise goals (Deng, 2002). In addition, it could supervise the accomplishment of the work. Further, organization could monitor and measure the performance with fairness. However, the appraisal of Lenovo China has disadvantages that employees are evaluated by managers. Due to unsteady factors like personal factors and environmental factors, the result of appraisal will be influenced. What’s more, sometimes emotional problems extremely affect results of evaluation in the process of the appraisal. Some performances are easy to measure like sales, but some are not. 2.3Lenovo China’s leadership Recently, the news said Liu ChuanZhi resigned Chairman of Lenovo China but be an honorary Chairman; what’s more, Yang YuanQing became the Chief executive officer and Chairman (Lenovo, 2011). Liu ChuanZhi, as one of pioneer of the Lenovo China, he creates lots of legends. Therefore, he has his own leadership style. He is more like a participative style of leadership. Liu ChuanZhi always let them raise their new idea, he just inspire them to bring up new thoughts without managing specific matters (Deng, 2002). Moreover, Yang YunQing’s management model is incomplete directive leadership, because he gives his advice at beginning, and then let employees give their views, and at last, he makes decision (Deng, 2002). Consequently, they have a common point which is allowing employees to participate in process of making decisions. They both wish employees’ creative power to get close to organizational goals (Deng, 2002). Hence, this way of encouragement is a great opportunity to fulfil ego needs. In addition, Liu ChuanZhi has distinctive personality and strong charisma which convinces employees, because he is a man of his words, which shows not only in high demands to him but his accomplished commitments for shareholders and employees (Deng, 2002). 2.4Lenovo China’s organizational culture Liu ChuanZhi pays more attention on organizational culture, because it is a representative of Lenovo China and has significance of goals accomplishment (Ren, 2003) like task culture (Mullins, 2010). â€Å"It is reflected in the statement: We do what we say and own what we do (Lenovo, 2011)†. There are four major organizational cultures. Firstly, Lenovo China quite advocate spirit of cooperation, because Lenovo China believe that it is a requirement of maintaining a consistent team (Deng, 2002). Secondly, they emphasize spirit of struggle, because Liu ChuanZhi said that five percent of hope turned into one hundred percent of reality. For example, in 1991, Lenovo Hong Kong had loss of more than fifty million Hong Kong dollars in three months, Lenovo overcame. As a result, Liu ChuanZhi suffered Meniere’s from syndrome (Deng, 2002). Thirdly, great reputation and credit is life of corporation. There are two types which are individuals and corporation. Individual reputation and credit means that working seriously and doing what they had said can win the trust of users, colleagues, subordinates and superior. The reputation and credit of corporation came from satisfaction of users. Lenovo China would rather lose money than lose credibility and reputation (Deng, 2002). For instance, in 2003, the rate of bad account is less than 0.005% (Ren, 2003). Fourthly, innovation and study are one of the cultural of corporation (Deng, 2002). Today’s successes are result from Lenovo China innovating and studying continually. Further, there is a special organizational culture; they have a â€Å"CTIME† for encouraging communicating like a friend. Meanwhile, CTIME means coffee time. Each afternoon at 1o’clock, employees and leaders go to the third floor and can talk easily. Especially, leaders will pay employees for coffee every Tuesday which is for encouraging friendly c ommunication from each other (Pi, 2011). Therefore, the culture of Lenovo China is successful to let employees have cohesions through communication and teamwork. In addition, the efficiency of execution is high because of nice teamwork. Overall, it is a relative perfect culture. 3.0Personal opinions on Lenovo China If there is an opportunity to work in Lenovo China, â€Å"YES† is the answer. At starting, this is a big and well-know corporation. For ego needs, it is based on satisfaction of physical needs at first, like food, clothes and so on. In addition, leadership in Lenovo China is different from other old state-enterprises, because it can produce a sense of belonging through each involvement of employees. When employees contribute to Lenovo China, it is important to embody the meaning of individual existence. They are not complete power control but participative style. Thus, there are more spaces to allow employees to develop strengths though proper freedom. Moreover, the relationship of colleagues is fair competitions instead of vicious and harmful competitions, which makes employments safety. Due to Lenovo China advocating friendly communication between leaders and employees, this policy can get rid of estrangement between people and give enough respect for employees which is attractive. Hence, ego needs could be satisfied. Then, for individual development, Lenovo China offer relevant help. They choose training employees to learn new skills for free, because they have their own training base. Apart from the theoretical knowledge, there are leaders passing on knowledge of their experiences which is treasure and cannot learn from books directly. However, the appraisal of individual performance has a little problem which is evaluation with personal emotions. Perhaps, it is unavoidable, but it can be evaluated through various channels. For example, individual evaluation could do like department appraisal which is evaluated by doing questionnaires in other departments, managers and employees. In other words, the appraisal of individual performance can be evaluated by colleagues, managers and users. 4.0Conclusion In conclusion, it can be seen then that Lenovo China’s people management is relatively successful. Success of Lenovo China is showed on three parts which are approach of people management, leadership and organizational culture. In particularly, in part of approach, it focuses on three aspects which are selecting employees and how to develop employees and the appraisal system. Especially, it indicates that the appraisal of individual performance has shortage. In addition, it mentions that organizational culture is the core of corporation. Finally, it gives opinions on human relation of Lenovo China and reasons. Reference CNN. 2011. Annual ranking of the world’s largest corporations [On-line]. CNN Money. Available from: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/401_500.html [Accessed 11 December 2011]. Deng, Z.H. 2002. The human resource management of legend. Hohhotï ¼Å¡Publication of the people of Inter Mongolia Ge, X. 2004. To discuss the Manpower Recourses Management of Legend Grow up. Journal of Liaoning Business Vocational College, 63(2), 18-19. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_lnswzyxyxb200402009.aspx [Accessed 11 December 2011]. Hegar,K.W.and Hodgetts R.M. 2011. Modern human relations at Work. Google Books. Available from: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kleg0QYjidUC&pg=PA536&dq=Lenovo+China+human+resource&hl=zh-CN&ei=BL_lTuqtHMSaiAf9v8y2BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=Lenovo%20China%20human%20resource&f=false [Accessed 12 December 2011] Lenovo. 2011. Our Company [On-line]. Lenovo. http://www.lenovo.com/lenovo/ca/en/our_company.html [Accessed 15 December 2011] Mullins, L.J. 2010. 9nd ed. Management & organizational behavior. London: Prentice Hall Pi. B.W. 2011. Liu ChuanZhi: Diaries of Managing Lenovo. Beijing: China Railway Publication. Shi,Y.Y. 2008. Analyses and Enlightenment of the model of human resource management. Industrial and science Tribune, 7(12), 250-251. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_cyykjlt200812123.aspx [Accessed 12 December 2011] Ren, X. 2003. Liu ChuanZhi discussing experience of Lenovo China. Beijing ï ¼Å¡Thread Binding Books publishing House Wang, J.P. 2006. Lenovo:How to turn students into elites. Computer Education, (9), 66-69. [On-line]. Wang Fang Data. Available from: http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_jsjjy200609021.aspx. [Accessed 13 December 2011] Zhang, Y.S., Zhao, M.X. and Li, J. 2009. Human Resources Management Cases Series. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press